Role of soil amendments on phytoremediation potential of marigolds on cadmium and zinc co-contaminated soil

The influence of soil amendments (spent coffee grounds, bone meal, sewage sludge) on cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) accumulation and growth performance of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) varieties – Prime yellow, Twenty yellow and Dragon yellow – was evaluated. X-ray fluorescence was applied to determine the elements in tissues of cross-sectioned stems. Twenty yellow showed the highest percentage tolerance index values (151%) and percentage growth rate in dry biomass (164.2%) in Cd/Zn-amended treatments. The sewage sludge improved soil quality and promoted plant growth and also contributed to high Zn and Cd accumulation in Dragon yellow leaves (221.3 and 57 mg kg⁻¹, respectively). Dragon yellow variety exhibited potential for Cd phytoextraction potential as indicated by a bioconcentration factor for shoots >1 and translocation factor >1. In Dragon yellow grown in soil amended with BM, Cd

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